Bibliographies: 'United States – Dept. of Health and Human Services' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

Child abuse and neglect in the United States resulted in 676,569 reports in 2011 (U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2012). Workers in this field struggle with low pay, high caseloads, inadequate training and supervision, and risk of violence, all of which contribute to worker burnout and poor worker retention rates. Worker self-efficacy is predictive of worker retention, job performance, and persistence in this difficult field. This paper reports the development of a new measure of self-efficacy from a sample of 395 child welfare workers. Factor analysis revealed two domains of self-efficacy, direct practice and indirect practice, which can be modestly predicted by worker characteristics upon hire and the training program the workers attend. Worker self-efficacy can be used to identify vulnerable workers who may be especially in need of strong supervisory support as well as understand who to target for recruitment. A review of the literature of self-efficacy in child welfare workers is included.

Abstract:

Abstract Background Bone and joint infections (BJIs) cause serious morbidity and mortality and present significant treatment challenges. Ceftobiprole medocaril, the prodrug of ceftobiprole, is an advanced cephalosporin approved in many European and non-European countries for the treatment of adults with community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ceftobiprole medocaril is not approved in the United States (USA) but has qualified infectious disease product (QIDP) status, and is being evaluated in two phase 3 clinical trials in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (completed) or Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (ongoing). In this study, the activity of ceftobiprole and comparators was evaluated against recent Gram-positive clinical isolates collected from BJIs in the USA. Methods 306 Gram-positive pathogens were collected from patients with BJIs at 27 US medical centers from 2016 through 2019. Susceptibility to ceftobiprole and comparator agents was tested using current CLSI methods. CLSI and EUCAST interpretive criteria were applied according to current guidelines. Results The major Gram-positive species and pathogen groups included S. aureus (67.0%; methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA], 35.1%), β-hemolytic streptococci (BHS; 13.7%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; 9.5%), and Enterococcus faecalis (6.9%). Ceftobiprole was highly active against S. aureus (MIC50/90 values, 0.5/1 mg/L; 100.0% susceptible by EUCAST criteria), including MRSA (MIC50/90 values, 1/2 mg/L). Ceftobiprole also exhibited potent activity against other Gram-positive cocci, including BHS (MIC50/90 values, 0.015/0.03 mg/L; 100% inhibited at ≤ 4 mg/L, which is the EUCAST PK-PD non-species-related breakpoint), CoNS (MIC50/90 values, 1/4 mg/L; 100% inhibited at ≤4 mg/L), and E. faecalis (MIC50/90 values, 0.5/2 mg/L; 100.0% inhibited at ≤ 4 mg/L). Conclusion Ceftobiprole was highly active against clinical BJI isolates from the major Gram-positive pathogen groups collected at US medical centers during 2016–2019. The broad-spectrum activity of ceftobiprole, including potent activity against MRSA, supports its further evaluation for this potential indication. Disclosures Leonard R. Duncan, PhD, A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.R.L. (Research Grant or Support)Basilea Pharmaceutica International, Ltd. (Research Grant or Support)Dept of Health and Human Services (Research Grant or Support) Kamal Hamed, n/a, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd. (Employee) Jennifer Smart, PhD, Basilea Pharmaceutica International, Ltd (Employee)Department of Health and Human Services (Research Grant or Support) Michael A. Pfaller, MD, Amplyx Pharmaceuticals (Research Grant or Support)Basilea Pharmaceutica International, Ltd (Research Grant or Support)Cidara Therapeutics (Research Grant or Support)Cidara Therapeutics (Research Grant or Support)Department of Health and Human Services (Research Grant or Support)Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center (Research Grant or Support)Paratek Pharma, LLC (Research Grant or Support) Robert K. Flamm, PhD, A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.R.L. (Research Grant or Support)Amplyx Pharmaceuticals (Research Grant or Support)Basilea Pharmaceutica International, Ltd (Research Grant or Support)Department of Health and Human Services (Research Grant or Support)Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (Research Grant or Support) Rodrigo E. Mendes, PhD, A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.R.L. (Research Grant or Support)Allergan (Research Grant or Support)Allergan (Research Grant or Support)Basilea Pharmaceutica International, Ltd (Research Grant or Support)Cipla Ltd. (Research Grant or Support)Department of Health and Human Services (Research Grant or Support)GlaxoSmithKline (Research Grant or Support)Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Research Grant or Support)Pfizer (Research Grant or Support)

Abstract:

Increasing world human population, declining reserves of cheaply extracted fossil fuels, scarcity of supplies of fresh water and climatic instability will put tremendous pressure on world rangelands as the 21st century progresses. It is expected that the human population of the world will increase by 40% by 2050 but fossil fuel and reserves of fresh water will be drastically reduced. Avoiding food shortages and famine could be a major world challenge within the next 10 years. Under these conditions, major changes in policies relating to economic growth and use of natural resources seem essential. Stabilisation of the human population, development of clean and renewable energy, enhanced supplies of water and its quality, increased livestock production, and changed land-use policies, that minimise agricultural land losses to development and fragmentation, will all be needed to avoid declining living conditions at the global level. The health and productivity of rangelands will need to receive much more emphasis as they are a primary source of vital ecosystem services and products essential to human life. Changes in tax policies by developed, affluent countries, such as the United States, Australia and Canada, are needed that emphasise saving and conservation as opposed to excessive material consumption and land development. Extreme levels of debt and chronic deficits in trade by the United States and European Union countries need to be moderated to avoid a devastating collision of debt, depletion of natural resources, and environmental degradation. Over the next 10 years, livestock producers of the rangelands will benefit from a major increase in demand and prices for meat. Rapidly increasing demand for meat in China and other Asian countries is driving this trend. Rangeland managers, however, will also likely encounter greater climatic, financial, biological and political risks. Higher interest rates, higher production costs and higher annual variability in forage resources are major challenges that will confront rangeland managers in the years ahead. Under these conditions, a low risk approach to livestock production from rangelands is recommended that involves conservative stocking, use of highly adapted livestock, and application of behavioural knowledge of livestock to efficiently use forage resources.

Abstract:

O ano de 2020 iniciou-se com alto contágio da COVID-19 no mundo, levando a Organização Mundial de Saúde a classificá-la como pandemia. Sem vacinas ou outros medicamentos eficazes para combater o vírus, países recorreram a ações severas, antes impensáveis em um mundo globalizado: distanciamento social, quarentenas, lockdowns e fechamento de fronteiras; afetando a economia na busca da estagnação da disseminação intensa da COVID-19. Nas últimas décadas, o aprofundamento internacional da integração econômica, social, política e cultural ocasionou também fenômeno similar na saúde, que passou a ser elemento de responsabilidade coletiva mundial pela sua importância no desenvolvimento econômico e segurança nacional. Assim, para combater doenças e garantir saúde às populações, além de assegurar os interesses políticos e econômicos, surge a diplomacia da saúde global. Dela advém, com as mesmas estratégias geopolíticas, mas com foco vacinal, a diplomacia da vacina que contempla as ações conjuntas de países e atores não-estatais em prol da vacinação mundial. Frequentemente, as potências mundiais buscam ampliar sua influência geopolítica; situações como o cenário atual pandêmico possibilitou esta dinâmica através da distribuição de insumos e materiais hospitalares e o fornecimento de vacinas. Ainda em 2020, iniciou-se uma corrida pela vacinação para frear os impactos que o vírus trouxe para a sociedade; o avanço tecnológico permitiu o desenvolvimento da vacina, porém houve distribuição desigual entre os países do mundo favorecendo as nações com condições necessárias para a sua produção ou compra. Esses países, que rapidamente obtiveram as vacinas contra a COVID-19, agiram garantindo a vacinação dos seus nacionais, e, em alguns casos, por interesses geopolíticos estratégicos, paralelamente para países desassistidos. Atualmente, as duas maiores economias do mundo, China e Estados Unidos, disputam zonas de influência para garantir os mercados e posição hegemônica global. Os chineses ocupam hoje o espaço que coube aos soviéticos até 1991 com o fim da União Soviética; a Rússia perdeu influência, mas continua como uma potência que ameaça os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia. Durante este momento ímpar do século XXI, as ações empreendidas por esses países terão grande influência no cenário geopolítico mundial futuro. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as publicações acerca das ações tomadas pela China, Estados Unidos e Rússia no uso da diplomacia da vacina contra COVID-19. Referente à metodologia, o estudo apresentado será realizado através de revisão sistemática com o uso das bases de dados, nacionais e internacionais: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde – BVS, JSTOR, SAGE Publishing, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute – MDPI e PubMed. A problemática proposta no estudo se traduz na pergunta: “O que a literatura científica apresenta sobre a atuação e resultados da China, EUA e Rússia na diplomacia da vacina contra COVID-19?”. A busca de artigos científicos publicados foi de março/2020 até março/2022, período correspondente ao evento. O objetivo principal foi realizar busca com descritores, porém quando não possível por descritores, buscou-se em títulos, resumos e por palavras-chave. Na BVS, selecionou-se os seguintes Descritores de Ciências da Saúde – DeCS: Diplomacia, Diplomacia em Saúde, Estratégias de Saúde Globais, Saúde Global, Internacionalidade, Órgãos Governamentais, Cooperação Internacional, Atos Internacionais, Colaboração Intersetorial, Dissidências e Disputas, Política, Política de Saúde, Política Pública, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Nações Unidas, Vacinas contra COVID-19, Vacinação, Programas de Imunização, Vacinação em Massa, Imunização, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave, Vírus da SARS, Pandemias, Coronavirus, China, Ásia, Estados Unidos, United States Dept. of Health and Human Services, América, América do Norte, Ocidente, Federação Russa e Europa (Continente). E utilizou-se para a busca na base de dados a seguinte sintaxe: (mh:((mh:(china)) OR (mh:(ásia)) OR (mh:("Estados Unidos")) OR (mh:("United States Dept. of Health and Human Services")) OR (mh:(américa)) OR (mh:("América do Norte")) OR (mh:(ocidente)) OR (mh:("Federação Russa")) OR (mh:("Europa (Continente)")) OR (mh:("Europa Oriental")))) AND (mh:((mh:(diplomacia)) OR (mh:("Diplomacia em Saúde")) OR (mh:("Estratégias de Saúde Globais")) OR (mh:("Saúde Global")) OR (mh:(internacionalidade)) OR (mh:("Órgãos Governamentais")) OR (mh:("Cooperação Internacional")) OR (mh:("Atos Internacionais")) OR (mh:("Colaboração Intersetorial")) OR (mh:("Dissidências e Disputas")) OR (mh:(política)) OR (mh:("Política de Saúde")) OR (mh:("Política Pública")) OR (mh:("Organização Mundial da Saúde")) OR (mh:("Nações Unidas")))) AND (mh:((mh:("Vacinas contra COVID-19")) OR (mh:(vacinação)) OR (mh:("Programas de Imunização")) OR (mh:("Vacinação em Massa")) OR (mh:("Imunização")))) AND (mh:((mh:("COVID-19")) OR (mh:("SARS-CoV-2")) OR (mh:("Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave")) OR (mh:("Vírus da SARS")) OR (mh:(pandemias)) OR (mh:(coronavirus)))). Na JSTOR, selecionou-se as palavras-chave nos resumos (abstract): Diplomacy, Vaccine, Covid-19, Coronavirus, China, United States e Russia. Sendo a sintaxe utilizada para busca: Diplomacy AND Vaccine AND COVID-19 OR Coronavirus AND China OR “United States” OR Russia. Na SAGE, foram eleitas as palavras-chaves: vaccine, geopolitics e vaccine diplomacy. Já a sintaxe para a busca foi vaccine AND geopolitics OR vaccine diplomacy. Na MDPI, optou-se por vaccine e diplomacy como título/palavras-chaves, sendo a sintaxe de busca: Vaccine OR diplomacy. Finalmente, na PubMed utilizou-se diplomacy, em vocabulário controlado (MeSH (Major)) e sintaxe correspondente. E em título/resumo optou-se por vaccine diplomacy e geopolitics, tendo como sintaxe de busca: vaccine diplomacy OR geopolitics. Sobre os resultados esperados, pretende-se examinar os países e regiões no mundo que fazem uso de vacinas contra a COVID-19 distribuídas pela China, EUA e Rússia; analisar as intenções políticas e econômicas destas distribuições; avaliar os resultados decorrentes destas estratégias e o impacto delas na configuração de forças da geopolítica mundial. Considerações finais: não houve publicação relevante em 2020 localizada; o estudo trata de uma problemática deveras atual, de modo que os artigos encontrados indicam a necessidade de revisão futura das conclusões preliminares. Igualmente, encontrou-se análises em jornais, blogs e colóquios, não incluídas na revisão, confirmando a atualidade do tema e a expectativa de novas publicações na literatura. O estudo inicial da revisão proposta constata que o país foco com maior número de trabalhos é a China. Tal fato pode indicar a importância desse país no cenário geopolítico mundial, sobretudo como ameaça à hegemonia dos Estados Unidos.

Abstract:

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of preventable death in the USA [1]. Gout has been associated with higher risk of venous thromboembolism [2]. However, there is little nationwide data in the United States (US) on the clinical and economic consequences of of VTE in persons with gout.ObjectivesTo study venous thromboembolism (VTE) hospitalizations in patients with gout in the United States (US) and estimate their clinical and economic impact.MethodsThe National Inpatient Sample (NIS) is a stratified random sample of all US community hospitals designed to produce national estimates of inpatient utilization, cost and outcomes. It is the only US national hospital database with information on all patients, regardless of payer, including persons covered by Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, and the uninsured. Unweighted it contains data from around 7 million hospitalizations a year, weighted it estimates around 35 million hospitalizations nationally. We examined all inpatient hospitalizations in the NIS in 2020, the most recent year of available data, with a primary or secondary diagnosis of gout and venous thromboembolism.ResultsIn 2020, there were 32.4 million all-cause hospitalizations in the US, with 19.7 million occurring in persons 45 years or older. Of these, 785,905 hospitalizations occurred in people aged 45 years and over with a diagnosis of gout. These people had a mean age of 71.8 years (95% confidence limits 71.7 - 71.9 years) and were more likely to be men (68.4%). Of these, 79,260 hospitalizations (10.1%) also had concomitant diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. As a comparison, only 8.2% of hospitalizations in the general population 45 years or older had a concomitant diagnosis of VTE (p<0.001 compared to persons with gout). Persons with gout and VTE had a mean age of 71.6 years (95% confidence limit 71.4 - 71.8 years) and were mostly men (62.4%). However, hospitalizations in women with gout were more likely to have VTE (11.0%) compared to men (9.7%). The average cost of each hospitalization was $76,373 (95% confidence limit $73,343 -$ 79,403), with a total annual national cost of $6.1 billion.Table 1.Percentage of VTE hospitalizations in Gout versus General populationGeneral populationGoutTotal Hospitali‑zationsHospitalizations with primary or secondary diagnosis of VTEPercentage VTE Hospitali‑zationsTotal Hospitali‑zationsHospitalizations with primary or secondary diagnosis of VTEPercentage VTE Hospitali‑zationsPeople 45 years and over1974125616260558.20%7859057926010%Men 45 years and over9,919,9157975308.04%541010523109.7%Women 45 years and over9,820,2508284508.44%2448552695011.0%Age 45-64 years76838566045507.9%2105302186010.4%Age 65 years and older1205740010215058.5%5753755740010.0%ConclusionOne out of 10 hospitalizations in persons with gout have a concomitant diagnosis of VTE, significantly higher than the VTE rate in the general population. This calls for increased awareness and steps to prevent the development of VTE in patients with gout.References[1]Society of Hospital Medicine, Maynard GA, Stein JM, US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Preventing hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism: a guide for effective quality improvement. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Dept. of Health and Human Services; 2008.[2]Li, L., McCormick, N., Sayre, E. C., Esdaile, J. M., Lacaille, D., Xie, H.,... Avina-Zubieta, J. A. (2020). Trends of venous thromboembolism risk before and after diagnosis of gout: a general population-based study.Rheumatology (Oxford), 59(5), 1099-1107. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez398Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsGurkirpal Singh Grant/research support from: Horizon, Maanek Sehgal: None declared, Brian LaMoreaux Shareholder of: Horizon, Employee of: Horizon, Alka Mithal: None declared.

Abstract:

<em>Background</em>. In public health, interpersonal influence has been identified as an important factor in the spread of health information, and in understanding and changing health behaviors. However, little is known about influence in public health leadership. Influence is important in leadership settings, where public health professionals contribute to national policy and practice agendas. Drawing on social theory and recent advances in statistical network modeling, we examined influence in a network of tobacco control leaders at the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). <em>Design and Methods.</em> Fifty-four tobacco control leaders across all 11 agencies in the DHHS were identified; 49 (91%) responded to a web-based survey. Participants were asked about communication with other tobacco control leaders, who influenced their work, and general job characteristics. Exponential random graph modeling was used to develop a network model of influence accounting for characteristics of individuals, their relationships, and global network structures. <em>Results</em>. Higher job ranks, more experience in tobacco control, and more time devoted to tobacco control each week increased the likelihood of influence nomination, as did more frequent communication between network members. Being in the same agency and working the same number of hours per week were positively associated with mutual influence nominations. Controlling for these characteristics, the network also exhibited patterns associated with influential clusters of network members. <em>Conclusions</em>. Findings from this unique study provide a perspective on influence within a government agency that both helps to understand decision-making and also can serve to inform organizational efforts that allow for more effective structuring of leadership.

Abstract:

Background and Purpose Health human resource (HHR) ratios are a measure of workforce supply and are expressed as a ratio of the number of health care practitioners to a subset of the population. Health human resource ratios for physical therapists have been described for Canada but have not been fully described for the United States. In this study, HHR ratios for physical therapists across the United States were estimated in order to conduct a comparative analysis of the United States and Canada. Methods National US Census Bureau data were linked to jurisdictional estimates of registered physical therapists to create HHR ratios at 3 time points: 1995, 1999, and 2005. These results then were compared with the results of a similar study conducted by the same authors in Canada. Results The national HHR ratio across the United States in 1995 was 3.8 per 10,000 people; the ratio increased to 4.3 in 1999 and then to 6.2 in 2005. The aggregated results indicated that HHR ratios across the United States increased by 61.3% between 1995 and 2005. In contrast, the rate of evolution of HHR ratios in Canada was lower, with an estimated growth of 11.6% between 1991 and 2005. Although there were wide variations across jurisdictions, the data indicated that HHR ratios across the United States increased more rapidly than overall population growth in 49 of 51 jurisdictions (96.1%). In contrast, in Canada, the increase in HHR ratios surpassed population growth in only 7 of 10 jurisdictions (70.0%). Discussion and Conclusion Despite their close proximity, there are differences between the United States and Canada in overall population and HHR ratio growth rates. Possible reasons for these differences and the policy implications of the findings of this study are explored in the context of forecasted growth in demand for health care and rehabilitation services.

Abstract:

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the potential of 24 country-level measures for predicting the number of outbound international medical travelers into the USA, including health and healthcare system, economic, social and diplomatic and travel pattern factors. Medical travel is recognized as a growing global market and is an important subject of inquiry for US academic medical centers, hospitals and policy makers. Few data-driven studies exist to shed light on efficient and effective strategies for attracting international medical travelers. Design/methodology/approach – This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of the 194 member and/or observer countries of the United Nations. Data for medical traveler volume into the USA between 2008 and 2010 were obtained from the USA Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, Survey of International Air Travelers. Data on country-level factors were collected from publicly available databases, including the United Nations, World Bank and World Health Organization. Linear regression models with a negative binomial distribution and log link function were fit to test the association between each independent variable and the number of inbound medical travelers to the USA. Findings – Seven of the 24 country-level factors were significantly associated with the number of outbound medical travelers to the USA These factors included imports as a per cent of gross domestic product, trade in services as a per cent of gross domestic product, per cent of population living in urban areas, life expectancy, childhood mortality, incidence of tuberculosis and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus. Practical implications – Results of this model provide evidence for a data-driven approach to strategic outreach and business development for hospitals and policy makers for attracting international patients to the USA for medical care. Originality/value – The model developed in this paper can assist US hospitals in promoting their services to international patients as well as national efforts in identifying “high potential” medical travel markets. Other countries could also adapt this methodology for targeting the international patient market.

Abstract:

CHDS State/Local
The Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) was formed to provide a cadre of trained medical volunteers to support and strengthen the public health infrastructure and improve its' emergency preparedness level. Training policies and standards are left to the discretion of the local MRC coordinator so the program maintains its flexibility to meet community needs. Training varies from unit to unit, and there are no protocols in place to measure or evaluate the effectiveness of that training. According to recent studies and surveys, disaster operations are an unfamiliar role for most MRC volunteers and the public health workforce in general. Evidence also suggests that few medical and public health workers receive this important preparedness training. In 2005, MRC working group members developed a list of core competency recommendations to provide training guidance, but specific educational content to satisfy those competencies were not defined. This thesis offers specific training content guidelines and strategies for achieving competency. The MRC must be able to integrate into the disaster environment while working safely, effectively and efficiently. Standards will set the mark for success, enabling the MRC to respond in a coordinated manner and at a consistently higher level to any public health emergency.
Captain, Texas State Guard-Medical Rangers

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Australian Catholic University, 2004.
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 345-375). Also available in an electronic format via the internet.

Abstract:

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Oral health is crucial to overall health and a focus of the U.S. Health Center program, which provides preventive dental services in medically underserved communities. Dental hygiene is an oral health profession whose practice is focused on dental disease prevention and oral health promotion. Variations in the practice and regulation of dental hygiene has been demonstrated to influence access to dental care at a state level; restrictive policies are associated lower rates of access to care. Understanding whether and to what extent policy variations affect availability and access to dental care and the oral health of medically underserved communities served by grantees of the U.S. Health Center program is the focus of this study. This longitudinal study examines dental service utilization at 1,135 health center grantees that received community health center funding from 2004 to 2011. The Dental Hygiene Professional Practice Index (DHPPI) was used as an indicator of the state policy environment. The influence of grantee and state level characteristics are also considered. Mixed effects models were used to account for correlations introduced by the multiple hierarchical structure of the data.Key findings of this study demonstrate that state policy environment is a predictor of the availability and access to dental care and the oral health status of medically underserved communities that received care at a grantee of the U.S. Health Center program. Grantees located in states with highly restrictive policy environments were 73% less likely to deliver dental services and, those that do, provided care to 7% fewer patients than those grantees located in states with the most supportive policy environments. Population’s served by grantees from the most restrictive states received less preventive care and had greater restorative and emergency dental care needs. State policy environment is a predictor of availability and access to dental care and the oral health status of medically underserved communities. This study has important implications for policy at the federal, state, and local levels. Findings demonstrate the need for policy and advocacy efforts at all levels, especially within states with restrictive policy environments.

Abstract:

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Health Information Technology (HIT) has become an integral component of healthcare today. The HITECH Act (2009) and Meaningful Use objectives stand to bring wide-sweeping adoption and implementations of HIT in small, medium and large sized healthcare organizations across the country. Though recent literature has provided evidence for the benefits of HIT in the profession, there have also been a growing number of reports exploring the adverse effects of HIT. There has not, however, yet been a systematic account of the adverse effects of HIT in the healthcare system. The current push for HIT coupled with a lack of critical appraisal of the potential risks of implementation and deployment within the medical literature has led to a general unquestioning and unregulated acceptance of the implementation of technology in medicine and healthcare as a positive addition with little or no risk. While the benefits of HIT are clear, a review of the existing studies in the literature would provide a holistic vision of the adverse effects of HIT as well as the types and impact within the nation’s health care system to inform future HIT development and implementation. The development of a general understanding of these adverse effects can serve as a review and summary for the use of informatics professionals and clinicians implementing HIT as well as providing future direction for the industry in HIT implementations. Additionally, this study has value for moving forward in informatics to develop frameworks for implementation and guidelines and standards for development and regulation of HIT at a federal level. This study involves the use of an integrative literature review to identify and classify the adverse effects of HIT as reported in the literature. The purpose of this study is to perform an integrative review of the literature to 1) identify and classify the adverse effects of HIT; 2) determine the impact and prevalence of these effects; 3) identify the recommended actions and best practices to address the negative effects of HIT. This study analyzed 18 articles for HIT-induced error and adverse consequences. In the process, 228 errors and/or adverse consequences were identified, classified and represented in an operational taxonomic schema. The taxonomic representation consisted of 8 master categories and 30 subcategories. Additionally, the prevalence and impact of these errors were evaluated as well as recommendations and best practices in future systems design. This study builds on previous work in the medical literature pertaining to HIT-induced errors and adverse consequences and offers a unique perspective in analyzing existing studies in the literature using the integrative review model of research. It is the first work in combining studies across healthcare technologies and analyzing the adverse consequences across 18 studies to form a cohesive classification of these events in healthcare technology.

Abstract:

AbstractThe sudden surge in COVID-19 cases during the second wave highlighted India’s lack of preparedness for critical care requirements in terms of infrastructure and human resources. It is the need of the hour to make efforts to build resilient and responsive health systems that are well prepared to handle the current COVID-19 pandemic and similar future threats. The challenges in the healthcare system during the second wave of COVID-19 included overstressed human resources in tertiary facilities, lack of trained healthcare workers, inadequate infrastructure at secondary-level facilities, and a shortage of beds, ventilators, medicines, and other requirements for tertiary-level care. Other challenges were lack of resources/capacity for setting up intensive care units (ICUs), unutilized ICU equipment at secondary-level facilities, and lack of operational planning, coordination, and support. Through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) supported Reaching Impact, Saturation, and Epidemic Control (RISE) Program, Jhpiego is providing technical assistance in 20 states across India to respond to the urgency and magnitude of the second wave of COVID-19. It is identifying areas and modalities of implementation and aligning these to the country’s response to the surge. The project’s focus is on health system preparedness for present and future waves of COVID-19 including activities for strengthening critical care services, medical oxygen management, strengthening molecular testing laboratory, strengthening the health system to respond to future waves, and enabling effective planning and management of critical logistics. This is being done in coordination with the Government of India (GoI) and state governments and by involving both public and private sector/faith-based institutions and non-government organizations (NGOs).

Abstract:

Abstract Medicare provides health insurance coverage for over 38 million Americans. Program payments in 1995 were $184 billion, over 20% of personal health care expenditures (United States Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1997). Medicare is an important part of the nation’s health care financing system, but it is especially important for rural America because a higher proportion of the rural population is elderly. Estimates obtained by the Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis from the U.S. Bureau of the Census indicate that in 1997, about 14% of the population in nonmetropolitan counties was over age 65, versus 11 % in metropolitan counties.

Abstract:

As Chinese and African countries grow in trade and economic development so has the soft power dynamics. Healthcare has been an area where the Chinese have dominated the area for the last decade. The USA has been in a decline and has been absent in providing the leadership in healthcare soft power dynamics. The partisan politics in the USA has consumed the United States Agency for International Development bringing an era of Chinese experimentation with a free market (capitalism) and toying with international development superpower status. Yet, there are still areas of improvement for healthcare in Africa between United States America (USA) and China (PRC). Africans have become used to engaging with the Chinese in the hope of meeting their developmental healthcare goals. But the acceptance of the Chinese healthcare and medicine in Africa is a game changer in the healthcare diplomacy arena.

Abstract:

Abstract The use of human milk and breastfeeding is a lifesaving medical intervention for infants who are cared for in intensive care units at birth. Despite modest increases in breastfeeding initiation rates in the United States, exclusive human milk rates at 6 months continue to be only approximately 25%. Health care providers must be aware of disparities in breastfeeding rates with many low-income groups and persons of color. The Spatz 10-step model for human milk and breastfeeding in vulnerable infants has been implemented throughout the United States and the world. Key components include, but are not limited to, informed decision-making, establishment and maintenance of milk supply, oral care and feeding of human milk, preparation for discharge, and appropriate follow-up. Breastfeeding has been reported to positively impact mood and stress reactivity, and it can help facilitate maternal sensitivity and secure attachment between mother and infant compared to formula feeding. In this chapter, parental mood and anxiety symptoms related to feeding are explored, and the role of the provision of human milk as a positive intervention strategy is discussed. The entire multidisciplinary team should be involved in helping parents meet their personal goals for the provision of human milk and breastfeeding.

Abstract:

The theory of democratic peace was first invented by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his 1795 article “Permanent Peace.” In this paper, Kant argues that states with governments of constitutional republics are less likely to go to war because doing so requires the consent of the people who would be at war. While monarch kings and queens can unilaterally declare war, given the security of their subjects, a government elected by the people takes the decision more seriously. The United States first promoted the concepts of democratic peace theory in 1832 by adopting the Monroe Doctrine. In this historic part of international politics, the US has affirmed that it will not tolerate the attempts of European monarchies to colonize any democratic nation in North or South America.

Abstract:

Abstract In the United States approximately 9% of adults, and a comparable number of children and adolescents, are estimated to have a mental illness with accompanying functional impairment (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 1999). While the direct and indirect financial costs of these illnesses to society are considerable (Kessler and Frank, 1997; HHS, 1999), the emotional costs to the persons so diagnosed and to their family and friends can be overwhelming (Druss et al., 2000; Felker et al., 1996; Harrison et al., 2001; Marsh and Johnson, 1997; Tennakoon et al., 2000). Unfortunately, the psychiatric symptoms experienced by individuals with mental illness represent only part of their difficulties. They also face a society that often reacts to these symptoms with fear and discrimination, a culture that traditionally has not respected their rights and has limited their opportunities, and a mental health system that at times has undermined the very healing it attempts to promote (Chamberlin, 1990; Link et al., 1999; Marsh, 2000; Wahl, 1999).

Abstract:

This chapter presents a historical summary of international development aid in developing Africa as a form of diplomacy. Most of these developmental projects started in the 1960s after independence and have been used as a tool for diplomacy. Healthcare for example has been a major tool for diplomacy by the United States of American (USA) and now China (PRC). During this era, the USA was the leader of soft power diplomacy and PRC was still a poor country trying to survive by making new friends in Africa. China's engagement in African health projects has differed from aid provided by traditional Western donors. The PRC builds on its own prior experiences of building its health system as a developing country and in the manner in which it places special emphasis on the issue of the national sovereignty of recipient countries.

Abstract:

The qualitative research study explored in this chapter took place in a physical education teacher education program at a large public university in Puerto Rico. Study findings are relevant for similar programs in the United States. The research questions guiding the chapter are: (1) What can physical education teacher candidates do to help promote community health awareness? (2) What does transformational learning look like for physical education teacher candidates in a physical education teacher education program? (3) From the point of view of the university instructor, what are the challenges training physical education teacher candidates to promote health awareness? Data collection sources include: The researcher's journal, informal conversations with physical education teacher education university colleagues from different institutions, alumni questionnaire responses, electronic communications with 11 physical education teacher education program graduates, and documents (e.g., the National Association for Sports and Physical Education Standards, and the Physical Education Teacher Education Standards). The authors draw on transformational learning theory as a framework to inform the study, and narrative analysis plays a central role reporting study findings. The chapter includes the following sections: a theoretical framework section discussing how transformational learning theory informs the study; a relevant literature section that provides the definition, benefits, and connection with concepts such as physical activity, community health, and effective teaching in physical education; a qualitative methodology section that describes the study setting and participants; data collection sources and data analysis procedures; a study findings section that is organized by research questions; an implications for practice section; and conclusion.

Abstract:

There have been a lot of changes during this COVID-19 pandemic that will affect the relationship between PRC and the African continent. Some of these changes have been in the interpersonal relationship between ordinary Chinese and individuals of African descent. These changes have affected the diplomatic relationship and its effects on healthcare developmental projects. These projects have been affected by images on social media on how the Chinese mistreat Africans in China. Social media has been an important tool to affect the dynamic in these relationships. These social media outlets have been instrumental in the availability of mistreated Africans in the PRC. The United States of America, The People's Republic of China, and the African continent will be in a new era in a diplomatic relationship after the corona (COVID-19) pandemic. Whoever has the best game plan will win the hearts and minds of Africans.

Abstract:

Medical tourism is a process in which a consumer travels from one's place of residence and receives medical treatment, thus becoming a patient. Patients Beyond Borders (PBB) forecasts some 1.9 million Americans will travel outside the United States for medical care in 2019. This chapter explores media representations of patient mortality associated with medical tourism within the global news media occurring between 2009-2019. A qualitative content analysis of 50 patient mortality cases found that (1) a majority of media representations of medical tourism patient death are of middle-class, minority females between 25-55 years of age who seek cosmetic surgery internationally; (2) sudden death, grief, and bereavement counseling is noticeably absent from medical tourism providers (MTPs); and (3) risk information from authority figures within the media reports is often vague and abstract. A detailed list of health communication recommendations and considerations for future medical tourists and their social support systems are provided.

Abstract:

In modern society, life expectancy has increased, and the digital healthcare industry has grown up as people are more interested in health. Moreover, the recent spread of COVID-19 has increased the time spent at home, increasing the demand for weight control such as diet and nutrition-related products, exercise & fitness services. In the United States and Europe, weight management is mainly implemented to improve health or reduce health risk factors, whereas, in Korea, weight management is highly focused on external appearance alone. The purpose of this study is to propose a healthy weight management service design for users in their 20s and 30s in Korea who experience severe health problems in their weight management program by analyzing their needs and pain points in the process and defining fundamental problems. This study applied the double diamond model, a service design methodology, and divided the research process into discover, define, develop, and deliver. We conducted a digital ethnography of 20 selected weight management videos and in-depth interviews with 9 people who actively use the weight management process in order to collect user's verbal and non-verbal raw data and define service directions based on users' pain points and need & wants. Furthermore, we could substantiate specific solutions for service directions, the psychology types of each user, and the behavior inducement; and finalize the service architecture. Finally, we organized two sets of usability test of the service prototype of wireframes and developed the user interface design by applying heuristic evaluation criteria and analysis of the user observation from the test.As a result, we decided to use a smart mirror as a service platform based on the insight that visual observation is more effective than numerical value for weight management and the study that mirror exposure therapy is used to change users' behavior for actual weight management. In addition, We chose DTC genetic testing to identify the innate body information of each user and suggest appropriate nutrients, diets, and exercises for them. Not only that, but also, it was analyzed that in order for the user to continue weight management, it is necessary to habituate through user behavior improvement and gain motivation. Therefore, in order to form new habits of users, 1) 66 days were set as one unit, 2) the correct behavior model is to be presented to users, 3) persuasive technologies such as simplifying actions or going through steps were applied. Lastly, motivation is needed to maintain the habits, which must meet three factors: autonomy, relationship, and capability; for this reason, we provided functions according to user tendencies, provoked user interactions by sharing information and communicating with others, and comprised accomplishment process of one's goals. This study, applying DTC genetic testing results and using a smart mirror with strengthening users' experiences through the formation of digital and non-face-to-face platforms, differentiates from existing services in the healthcare industry.

Abstract:

In recent years, Europe has been moving towards a concept of inclusivity as highlighted by the sixteenth goal of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals Agenda that promotes peaceful and inclusive societies. (UN Dept. of Global Communications, 2015). The increasing awareness of social diversity has attracted the attention of designers who started to adopt an inclusive design approach and design products or services to be usable by as many people as reasonably possible, without the need for specialised adaptions. The inclusive design approach has been largely applied in adaptive sports to improve levels of functioning and independence in daily living activities and increase physical capability, physiological capacity, social status, and sense of belonging. Adaptive sports can become a way to promote involvement as an active part of the rehabilitation exercise to stimulate neuromotor recovery, particularly in children with disabilities (Canina et al., 2020). Recent research has demonstrated that climbing could be an excellent rehabilitation tool that involves the child with disabilities in a natural way. This sport exploits the propensity to play, to sport, to compete, to stimulate the execution of specific exercises, can transform this effort into a game and multiply the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process (Reljin, V., 2019). An intensive rehabilitation from an early age guarantees the recovery of part of their neuromotor abilities. In order to achieve better results in rehabilitation, adaptive sports must adopt a holistic approach to the user considering both the physical and the psycho-perceptual aspects, i.e. the ability to do it but also the feeling of fulfilment in doing it. However, current climbing walls do not include these aspects of the adaptive sport. An adaptive climbing wall design requires identifying a methodology that could lead to a coherent and effective solution, using explicit attention for inclusiveness. The paper describes the Design for Sustainable Behaviour (DfSB) approach adopted to design an adaptive climbing wall as a tool for the rehabilitation of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) by identifying the sustainable, inclusive requirements that consider children’s diversity. The DfSb approach, as user- and use-centred design that create preconditions for a sustainable everyday life, considers the sustainability aspects from two essential points of view. The user's sustainable behaviour, in which inclusiveness is a fundamental part of these attitudes, and the product's sustainability that uses new recycled materials create a more natural environment (similar to climbing in natural environments). Indeed, the project considers first the sustainable behavioural aspects, spreading climbing as a tool to improve the health conditions of CP children, introducing them to climbing by making it accessible and inclusive, intending to help children with different abilities to build trust and awareness of their potentialities, and a sense of accomplishment while training problem-solving and decision-making skills. As a second point of DfSB, the climbing wall and holds are designed with sustainable materials (waste material content) that provide the feeling of natural stone considering the entire product lifecycle. This paper shows how the DfSB approach can support the definition of design requirements of a training tool introducing children with CP to climbing as a natural approach to rehabilitation, making it accessible and inclusive. The project brings children with disabilities closer to the adapted sport through an indoor and democratic recreational activity. Bibliography 1. AA.VV. (2020). What is inclusive design? Inclusive Design Toolkit. University of Cambridge. Retrieved from http://www.inclusivedesigntoolkit.com/whatis/whatis.html 2. Canina M., Parise C., Bruno C. (2020). An Inclusive Design Approach for Designing an Adaptive Climbing Wall for Children with CP. 3. DesignCouncil. (2020). What is the framework for innovation? Retrieved from https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/what-framework-innovation-design-councils-evolved-double-diamond 4. Dixon-Fyle, S., Dolan, K., Hunt, V., Prince, S.: Diversity wins! How inclusion matters, pp. 1–12. McKinsey Co. (2020) 5. Persson, H., Åhman, H., Yngling, A. A., & Gulliksen, J. (2015). Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts—one goal? On the concept of accessibility—historical, methodological and philosophical aspects. Universal Access in the Information Society, 14(4), 505–526. 6. Reljin, V. (2019). Effects of Adaptive Sports on Quality of Life in Individuals with Disability. Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects., 822. 7. United Nations Department of Global Communications. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Abstract:

The United States’ Institute of Medicine established patient-centered care as an aim for the 21st-century health care system. Patient-centered care focuses on the patient, their family members and staff experience, while ensuring patient safety and high clinical quality. A medical center in the Veterans Affairs healthcare system approached the Veterans Affairs Center for Applied Systems Engineering to assist in the redesign of the facility that provides medical cancer care. Their goals were to design a patient-centered, state-of-the-art center. Discrete event simulation provided rough order of magnitude estimates for facility and resource planning. Primary metrics of concern were patient length of stay, patient wait time, and room and staff utilization. The simulation included an animated visualization of ‘a day in the life’ of a patient. It also collected metrics on patient experience and center efficiency. Watching the patient flow animation provided two primary insights to the stakeholders. First, it was evident that the patient care process was patient-centered in that it limited patient movement. Second, observations of traffic flow indicated that the design can accommodate the desired patient demand. The visualization showed that increasing the number of providers resulted in reductions in patient wait times and that reducing the number of exam rooms did not significantly affect patient wait time. This exercise demonstrated the value of simulation in the planning and analysis of facility configurations when considering patient-centered design.

Abstract:

This study aims to identify urban resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, England, and China. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a terrible impact on the lives of many citizens, especially in urban areas. Cities are the central point of economic growth and governance, cities must continue the function even in conditions of crisis or disaster. So that it becomes interesting to review the strategies of big cities in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a simple statistical method, and bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer software. Scientific literature data was taken from the Scopus database which was searched with the keywords urban resilience and covid 19 with a range of 2019 to 2022. limitations on authors or affiliations of the 3 countries in literature publications, namely the united states, England and China. This analysis includes a number of publications, citation analysis, and visualization of co-occurrence patterns of the most frequently occurring keywords. Bibliometric analysis shows the United States leading the way in article publication with 25 articles, followed by England and China with 15 articles each. The results of data analysis show that the initial strategy of urban resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in the three countries was carried out by limiting community activities in public spaces to prevent the transmission of the COVID-19 disease. In addition, the urban resilience strategy is carried out by building integrated health services and digital infrastructure and carrying out transportation management. Another strategy is to build public spaces that can provide social distancing and provide easier access to information and communication technology for the entire citizens. In future research, it is hoped that we can discuss how to transform the strategy by adjusting to the style of the city and the needs of the citizens.

Abstract:

Obesity is a growing public health problem in the United States. Obese individuals are at greater risk for early death as well as chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal disorders. The economic costs related to obesity are substantial and are impacting society as a whole. More specifically they are having an impact on healthcare workers since obese individuals use healthcare services at a greater rate than normal weight individuals. The risk of injury to healthcare workers is also growing as this patient population increases. To date, much of the focus on injury risk to healthcare workers from obese patients has been in the area of patient handling at the bedside. However, there are other disciplines with increasing injury risks due to the growing needs of obese patients in surgery, OB/GYN, ultrasound, radiology, and even morgue/autopsy. It is difficult to control patient weights but more emphasis could be placed on maintaining healthy weights of healthcare workers. Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between workers BMI and injury rates. Thus the risks of working with obese patients coupled with growing obesity among healthcare workers is creating a “perfect storm” that can negatively impact the delivery of quality healthcare.

Abstract:

Health, United States, 2019 is the 43rd report on the health status of the nation and is submitted by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to the President and the Congress of the United States in compliance with Section 308 of the Public Health Service Act. This report was compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Health, United States series presents an annual overview of national trends in key health indicators. The 2019 report presents trends and current information on selected measures of morbidity, mortality, health care utilization and access, health risk factors, prevention, health insurance, and personal health care expenditures in a 20-figure chartbook. The Health, United States, 2019 Chartbook is supplemented by several other products including Trend Tables, an At-a-Glance table, and Appendixes available for download on the Health, United States website at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/ index.htm. The Health, United States, 2019 Chartbook contains 20 figures and 20 tables on health and health care in the United States. Examining trends in health informs the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies and programs. The first section (Figures 1–13) focuses on health status and determinants: life expectancy, infant mortality, selected causes of death, overdose deaths, suicide, maternal mortality, teen births, preterm births, use of tobacco products, asthma, hypertension, heart disease and cancer, and functional limitations. The second section (Figures 14–15) presents trends in health care utilization: use of mammography and colorectal tests and unmet medical needs. The third section (Figures 16–17) focuses on health care resources: availability of physicians and dentists. The fourth section (Figures 18–20) describes trends in personal health care expenditures, health insurance coverage, and supplemental insurance coverage among Medicare beneficiaries. The Highlights section summarizes major findings from the Chartbook. Suggested citation: National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2019. Hyattsville, MD. 2021.

Abstract:

Despite increasing recognition of public health and rights issues associated with human trafficking globally and in the United States following the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, there has been limited research on how to systematically strengthen service access for survivors of sex and labor trafficking. The experience of service providers may provide insight into how trafficking survivor responses and service networks function in California’s Bay Area. This study explores provider perspectives on existing service networks and collaboration dynamics, including the barriers to and enablers of long-term service provision and survivor follow-up. A participatory research design included qualitative interviews with key informants working at nongovernmental organizations, organizational website reviews, and consultation with network service providers in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area. This study approach allowed for eliciting in-depth reflections of service provision, collective generation of stakeholder mapping, and consensus-driven recommendations arising from barriers and enablers to anti-trafficking service provision. This report enhances stakeholder awareness of existing organizational and policy resources and offers insights into research and programming on how anti-trafficking service response networks can be strengthened to provide survivor-centric support in the long-term.

Abstract:

This study presents trends in drug overdose death rates involving xylazine from 2018 through 2021, overall and by sex. Rates of drug overdose deaths involving xylazine are also presented by age group and race and Hispanic origin from 2020 to 2021, and by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services public health regions in 2021. Co-involvement for the most frequent drugs involved with xylazine is also reported.

Abstract:

Nonprofit organizations are responsible for providing a significant level of human services across the United States, often in collaboration with government agencies. In this work, they address some of the most pressing social issues in society – including homelessness, poverty, health care and education. While many of these organizations consider location and accessibility crucial to supporting their clients – often locating services near bus or train stops, for example – little is known about the impact of new technologies, including ride hail services like Lyft and Uber, on nonprofit accessibility. These technologies, which are re-shaping transportation in both urban and suburban communities, are expected to dramatically shift how people move around and the accessibility of services they seek. This exploratory qualitative study, making use of interviews with nonprofit executives and nonprofit clients, is among the first of its kind to measure the impact of ride hail services and other emerging technologies on community mobility and accessibility.

Abstract:

Hawks and owls can negatively impact a variety of human interests, including important natural resources, livestock and game bird production, human health and safety, and companion animals. Conflicts between raptors and people generally are localized and often site-specific. However, the economic and social impacts to the individuals involved can be severe. Despite the problems they may cause, hawks and owls provide important benefits and environmental services. Raptors are popular with birdwatchers and much of the general public. They also hunt and kill large numbers of rodents, reducing crop damage and other problems. Hawks and owls are classified into four main groups, namely accipiters, buteos, falcons, and owls. All hawks and owls in the United States are federally pro-tected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 USC, 703−711). Hawks and owls typically are protected under state wildlife laws or local ordinances, as well. These laws strictly prohibit the capture, killing, or possession of hawks or owls (or their parts) without a special permit (e.g., Feder-al Depredation Permit), issued by the USFWS. State-issued wildlife damage or depredation permits also may be required.

Abstract:

This report aims to present findings of the research conducted in Poland within the Work Package 1 of the Welcoming Spaces project, namely “Welcoming spaces” in relation to economic viability, social wellbeing and political stability in shrinking regions. The main aim of the mentioned research was to examine how welcoming initiatives are organised and implemented in the selected shrinking localities in Poland. In particular, the creation of welcoming initiatives concerning social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability was assessed. To accomplish this objective, five localities were selected purposefully, namely Łomża (city with powiat status) and Zambrów (urban commune) in Podlaskie Voivodeship and Łuków (town), Wohyń (rural commune) and Zalesie (rural commune) in Lubelskie Voivodeship. Within these localities, 23 welcoming initiatives were identified, out of which 12 were chosen for in-depth research. The field research was conducted in all five localities between March and December 2021. During this period, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics team conducted 43 interviews with institutional stakeholders (representatives of local governments, schools, non-governmental organisations – NGOs, religious organisations and private companies) and individuals (both migrant newcomers and native residents). In addition, local government representatives were surveyed to compare their policies, measures and stances toward migrant inhabitants and local development. The research was also complemented with the literature review, policy documents analysis, and local media outlets discourse analysis. Until February 2022 and the outbreak of war in Ukraine, welcoming spaces in Poland were scarce and spatially limited to the big cities like Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Lublin or Białystok, governed by liberal mayors and city councils open to accept migrants and treat them as a valuable human asset of the city community. However, in smaller cities, towns and rural areas, especially in shrinking regions, welcoming spaces have been highly conditioned by welcoming initiatives carried out mainly by civil society organisations (CSOs). It is very likely that the war in Ukraine will completely change the situation we write about in this country report. However, this crisis and its consequences were not the subjects of our desk research and fieldwork in Poland, which ended in December 2021. As of late July 2022, the number of border crossings from Ukraine to Poland is almost 5 million and the number of forced migrants registered for temporary protection or similar national protection scheme concern 1.3 million people (UNHCR 2022). However, the number of those who have decided to stay in Poland is estimated at around 1.5 million (Duszczyk and Kaczmarczyk 2022). Such a large influx of forced migrants from Ukraine within five months already affects the demographic situation in the country and access to public services, mainly in large and medium-size cities1 . Depending on the development of events in Ukraine and the number of migrants who will decide to stay in Poland in the following months, the functioning of the domestic labour market, education, health service, and social assistance may significantly change. The following months may also bring new changes in the law relating to foreigners, aimed at their easier integration in the country. Access to housing in cities is already a considerable challenge, which may result in measures to encourage foreigners to settle in smaller towns and rural areas. Given these dynamic changes in the migration situation of the country, as well as in the area of admission and integration activities, Poland seems to be slowly becoming one great welcoming space. It is worth mentioning that the main institutional actors in this area have been NGOs and local governments since the beginning of the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. An important supporting and coordinating role has also been played by international organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which launched its inter-agency Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) in early spring to address the most urgent needs of the population of forced migrants and their host countries in this part of Europe (UNHCR 2022a; UNHCR 2022b; UNHCR 2022c). Based on the number of newly emerged welcoming initiatives and the pace of this emergence, they will soon become an everyday reality for every municipality in Poland. Therefore, it is difficult to find more up-todate circ*mstances for the “Welcoming Spaces” project objective, which is “to rethink ways forward in creating inclusive space in such a way that it will contribute firstly to the successful integration of migrants in demographically and economically shrinking areas and simultaneously to the revitalization of these places”. Furthermore, the initiatives we selected as case studies for our research should be widely promoted and treated as a model of migrants’ inclusion into the new communities. On the other hand, we need to emphasize here that the empirical material was collected between March and December 2021, before the outbreak of war in Ukraine. As such, it does not reflect the new reality in Poland

Abstract:

As the research arm of Wildlife Services (WS) program within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, NWRC develops methods and information to address human-wildlife conflicts related to agriculture, human health and safety, property damage, invasive species, and threatened and endangered species. NWRC is the only Federal research facility in the United States devoted entirely to the development of methods for effective wildlife damage management. NWRS's research authority comes from the Animal Damage Control Act of 1931.The Center is committed to helping resolve the ever-expanding and changing issues associated with human-wildlife conflicts management and remains well positioned to address new issues through proactive efforts and strategic planning activities.

Abstract:

The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) is a world leader in providing science-based solutions to complex issues of wildlife damage management. As the research arm of Wildlife Services (WS) program within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, NWRC work with WS operational staff to provide Federal leadership and expertise to resolve wildlife conflicts related to agriculture, livestock, human health and safety (including wildlife diseases), invasive species, and threatened and endangered species. NWRC is committed to finding nonlethal solutions to reduce wildlife damage to agricultural crops, aquaculture, and natural resources. As part of WS' strategic plan to improve the coexistence of people and wildlife, NWRC has identified four strategic program goals: (1) developing methods, (2) providing wildlife services, (3) valuing and investing in people, and (4) enhancing information and communication. WS is dedicated to helping meet the wildlife damage management needs of the United States by building on NWRC's strengths in these four key areas. This annual research highlights report is structured around these programs goals.

Abstract:

As the research arm of Wildlife Services, a program within the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), NWRC develops methods and information to address human-wildlife conflicts related to agriculture, human health and safety, property damage, invasive species, and threatened and endangered species. The NWRC is the only Federal research facility in the United States devoted entirely to the development of methods for effective wildlife damage management, and it’s research authority comes from the Animal Damage Control Act of 1931. The NWRC’s research priorities are based on nationwide research needs assessments, congressional directives, APHIS Wildlife Services program needs, and stakeholder input. The Center is committed to helping resolve the ever-expanding and changing issues associated with human-wildlife conflict management and remains well positioned to address new issues through proactive efforts and strategic planning activities. NWRC research falls under four principal areas that reflect APHIS’ commitment to “protecting agricultural and natural resources from agricultural animal and plant health threats, zoonotic diseases, invasive species, and wildlife conflicts and diseases”. In addition to the four main research areas, the NWRC maintains support functions related to animal care, administration, information transfer, archives, quality assurance, facility development, and legislative and public affairs.

Abstract:

CDC’s COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance, Special Report 2022, provides a snapshot of how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted antimicrobial resistance in the United States. Data have shown national progress in slowing the spread of antimicrobial resistance and preventing these infections is possible. However, the pandemic has undone much of the nation’s progress on antimicrobial resistance, especially in hospitals. CDC’s Special Report highlights the impact of COVID-19 on five core to combat antimicrobial resistance and on 18 pathogens, identified by CDC as urgent, serious, and concerning threats. The United States must continue to invest in the prevention-focused public health actions to combat antimicrobial resistance. CDC’s Antimicrobial Resistance Solutions Initiative has invested in domestic and global capacity to detect, respond, contain, and prevent the spread of resistance across health care, food, environment, and communities. These investments are working, but more work is needed. This was emphasized by the COVID-19 pandemic. CDC is exploring investments needed moving forward in the U.S. and global public health infrastructure to ensure a simultaneous response to the challenges of antimicrobial resistance and other emerging threats. The United States must continue to invest in preparing public health systems to address threats from multiple angles, simultaneously, and across One Health. If properly resourced, the United States can continue to build resilient domestic and global public health systems to keep our nation safe against the threats of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance, Special Report 2022, is a publication of the Antimicrobial Resistance Coordination and Strategy Unit within the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suggested citation: CDC. COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance, Special Report 2022. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/covid19.html